According to Harold Koontz, “leadership is defined as an art or process of influencing people so that they strive willingly and enthusiastically towards attainment of group goals”.
According to Yukl (1994), “leadership is a process which one member of a group influences other group members towards attainment of specific group goals”.
Thus, leadership is a process of influencing the behavior of people by making them strive voluntarily towards achievement of organizational goals. The above definition focuses on certain important features of leadership- • Leadership indicates ability of an individual to influence others • It is a group process. A leader is of no use if he has no followers and similarly a group or an organization …show more content…

Manager effectiveness was equated with group productivity.
After studying 12 pairs of high performing leaders and 12 pairs of low performing leaders, Rensis Likert identified two styles of leader behavior: task-oriented behavior, employee-orientated behavior.
Leaders who were employee oriented were described as emphasizing interpersonal relations; they took a personal interest in the needs of their employees and accepted individual differences among members. Such leaders are interested in developing a cohesive work group and in ensuring employees are satisfied with their jobs. Such leaders maintain the group through attention to the human relationships involved
The leaders who were production oriented emphasized on the task aspects of the job and their major concern is with accomplishing the group’s tasks and the group members are a means to that end. Thus the leader pays close attention to the work of sub- ordinates, explains work procedures, and is keenly interested in performance. Such leaders insist on maintaining standards, see that the employees work to full capacity, offer new approaches to problems, emphasize the meeting of deadlines, make their attitudes clear and decide in detail what should be done and how it should be done.
Task-orientated behaviors are the same as the initiating structures in the Ohio studies, and relationship-orientated behaviors are similar to the consideration construct in the Ohio studies.
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